Drug and Alcohol Rehabilitation

Introduction Alcohol and drug abuse is one of the major health and social challenges faced by a number of European countries such as United Kingdom and the United States of America. Prolonged use of drugs and alcohol usually results into drug addiction, which has severe effects on the health of the drug user. For instance, drug addicts often suffer from intense and irrepressible craving for drugs despite the repercussions.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Drug and Alcohol Rehabilitation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Most of the European countries like UK and America have adopted health policies intended to reduce drug abuse and achieve harm reduction. Harm reduction involves lessening the risks associated with using contaminated drug injection equipment. This paper examines some of the approaches adopted by the European nations and USA government in an attempt to reduce drug and alcohol abuse. Some of the initi atives include needle exchange and methadone maintenance. Needle Exchange The needle exchange program is an initiative that aims at reducing the harm associated with sharing needles and syringes among injection drug users (IDUs) whereby the IDUs get a chance to acquire hypodermic needles, as well as, injection equipment at a subsidized cost or free of charge. In some instances, the injection drug users are usually required to submit used needles to acquire an equivalent amount of new injection equipment. The needle exchange program also aims at reducing the rate of improper disposal of used drug injection equipment. Other services and materials provided by the needle exchange program include HIV and Hepatitis C testing, guidance and counseling, needle containers, and alcohol swabs. Proponents of harm reduction â€Å"believe that the needle exchange program provides a social benefit in reducing health costs†. For instance, the needle and syringe exchange program has helped to reduce the rate of HIV infection among the injection drug users in the UK, which is the pioneer of needle and syringe exchange program. Through the exchange programs, nurses are able to share information with the IDUs about HIV infection, thereby helping to prevent physical transmission of HIV. The realization of positive results in the use of needle exchange has promoted its spread to other European countries.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Additionally the supporters of the exchange programs argue that the needle exchange program not only protect the injection drug users but also their families and relatives. Despite the benefits associated with needle exchange programs, there are also critics who have given various opposing opinions. For instance, opponents of the needle exchange program view the initiative as a waste of money because it promotes the use of drugs at the exp ense of spreading the massage of drug abstinence. Additionally, the critics believe that the needle exchange initiative promotes drug dealings because the IDUs get a chance to acquire extra injection equipment, which they can sell and use the income to purchase more drugs. Therefore, as much as the needle exchange program helps in reducing the risks associated with sharing drug injection needles, it also promotes continuous use of the drugs, thereby posing more challenge to the fight against drug abuse. Methadone Maintenance Whereas the needle exchange programs aim at harm reduction among the IDUs, methadone maintenance enables the IDUs to reduce the use of drugs or totally recover from drug injection practices. â€Å"Methadone is a synthetic agent that works by occupying the brain receptor sites affected by heroine and other opiates† (CDC, 2002). For example, methadone enables IDUs to have lesser craving for opiates, reduce withdrawal symptoms, and enables the IDUs to functi on normally. Individuals are supposed to take a dose of methadone on a daily basis. In most countries like UK, methadone is usually administered in the dispensing clinics to ensure that the victims take the right dose and to prevent re-sale of the prescribed methadone dose to other addicts. Once an individual has taken the methadone, the drug is â€Å"widely distributed to body tissues where it is stored and then released into the plasma, thereby stabilizing the patient†.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Drug and Alcohol Rehabilitation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This approach is beneficial in a number of ways to both the user and the society. Methadone maintenance treatment enables the drug addicts to reduce the use of drug injections or completely discontinue using drug injections (CDC, 2004). It also protects the addicts of opiates from infections like HIV, Hepatitis B, and sexually transmitted inf ections. Additionally, methadone maintenance helps to reduce criminal activities and mortality rate among the opiate addicts. Through several studies, methadone has also been proved to be cost effective. Despite the positive results of methadone maintenance, the approach has remained a controversial subject in America and Europe. Most of the opponents believe that methadone is a substitute for opiate addiction; hence, it does not achieve the ultimate goal of eliminating drug addiction (CDC, 2002). Most of the patients who undergo methadone treatment have also shown continued use of opiates because of several reasons such as lack of self-control over addiction, compromising situations, and personal reasons. Critics of methadone maintenance also argue that the approach may promote criminal activities and drug dealings in the society. For example, patients who are under methadone maintenance may sell the drug to other addicts to earn some income (CDC, 2002). Therefore, a number of peop le in America and Europe are pessimistic about methadone maintenance as a way of dealing with drug addiction. The approach also encourages drug addicts to remain dependent on the drug for years. Unfortunately, some of the addicts usually fail to recover from drug addiction because they supplement the dependency on methadone with other drugs and alcohol. Additionally, some patients may shy away from undergoing methadone treatment due to the strict procedure that an individual has to go through. Some of the patients also fail to visit the methadone clinics on a daily basis in order to get treatment due long distance from their residence.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Similarly, a number of people may avoid undergoing the treatment because of stigmatization associated with clinic environment, which may lead to low self-esteem. Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be concluded that programs like needle exchange and methadone maintenance that a number of European nations and America have adopted in an attempt to fight drug abuse are only beneficial to some extent. For example, the needle exchange program helps to reduce the risks associated with drug injection. On the other hand, methadone maintenance helps to stabilize patients of opiate in order to function normally. However, these approaches also have a number of side effects. For instance, patients of methadone maintenance often remain dependant on the drug to avoid withdrawal symptoms. Similarly, needle exchange may encourage the IDUs to remain dependant on the state for supply of the drug injection equipment. Therefore, the ultimate goal of realizing a drug free state may not be fully achieved through these approaches because the programs reinforce the use of drugs. References Campopiano, M. (2010). Methadone maintenance therapy in the USA: A case example of dual diagnosis. Journal of Advances in Dual Diagnosis 3(3) , 11-16. CDC. (2002). Methadone maintenance treatment. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/risk/idu.html Hitchcock, J., Schubert, P. (2003). Community health nursing: Caring in action. New York: Cengage Learning. Kalechstein, A. (2011). Neuropsychology and substance use: State of the art and future directions. London: Psychology Press. Lines, R., Betteridge, G., Stover, H. (2005). Taking action to reduce injecting drug-related harms in prisons: The evidence of effectiveness of prison needle exchange. International Journal of Prisoner Health 1(1) , 49-64. Oliveto, G. G. (2002). Treatment of heroin addiction: Current approaches and future prospects. International Journal of Prisoner Health 62(9) , 31-43. Stevens, J., Barnett, Z. (2000). Methadone maintainance and HIV prevention: A cost-effective analysis. Management Science 46(8) , 1013-1031. Stevens, T. (2001). Syringe exchange. Yale Journal of Medicine 8(2) , 45-51. This essay on Drug and Alcohol Rehabilitation was written and submitted by user Rashad Gomez to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Drug and Alcohol Rehabilitation Introduction According to MacLean, Cameron, Harney and Lee (2012), volatile substance use is one of the main problems that make it hard to attain a desirable social fabric. With most people turning into substance abuse, the question that is asked is how the psychosocial institutions can reduce the number of new abusers of drugs and alcohol and the way the drug and alcohol addicts can be rehabilitated and incorporated back in the society effectively. Research shows that a substantial number of rehabilitation institutions have been established to facilitate the recovery of drug and alcohol addicts. However, further research reiterates the resounding role of social networks of the addicts in fostering full recovery and rehabilitation of the addicts. Therefore, the development of interpersonal relations that foster the development of social networks and social identity is critical in the rehabilitation of the drug and alcohol addicts. More often than not, the rehabilitation process is halted only by paying attention to the social workers and psychological professionals, addicts, health care professionals, and the families of the addicts. This leaves out the issue of interpersonal relations among addicts, yet is vital in rehabilitation. The main question that this paper seeks to answer is: what role do interpersonal relations play in drug and alcohol rehabilitation? This paper argues that the policies governing the rehabilitation of drug and alcohol addicts should pay attention to interpersonal relations of the people under rehabilitation because they are the main determinants of complete rehabilitation. In presenting the arguments, the paper begins by bringing out the essence of interpersonal relations of the subjects in drug and alcohol rehabilitation programs. This is followed by an intense discussion about the modalities of incorporating interpersonal factors in the road to recovery and rehabilitation of drug and alcohol addicts. The discussion focuses on the exploration of studies that expand on drug and alcohol rehabilitation, before drawing conclusions and recommendations that can help in explaining how interpersonal relations should be factored in rehabilitation. The essence of Interpersonal relations in drug and alcohol rehabilitation As observed in the introduction, the rate of alcohol and substance abuse in quite high. Thus, substance abuse rehabilitation centres have been established to help volatile substance users regain their status and social position in the society. However, as these centres continue to work, it is evident that they leave out important steps that are critical in offering complete therapy for the alcohol and drug abusers. Research ascertains the importance of groups in rehabilitative counselling and the administration of recovery medications for drug and alcohol abuse addicts (O’Farrell Fals-Stewart, 2008). Borrowing from this, it can be argued that drug and alcohol abuse is a habit that occurs in the social space. According to Morgenstern and Longabaugh (2000), the cognitive behaviours of individuals who engage in drug and substance abuse are largely shaped by the environment in which they dwell. Therefore, the full recovery and complete rehabilitation of the drug and alcohol addicts can only be achieved when they are placed within the environments that influence their behaviour. Failure to do so implies a vacuum in the rehabilitation therapy. This is denoted by the separation of the people, physically or psychologically, from the environment in which they are supposed to dwell in for their entire lifetime (Klimas, 2010). According to Klimas (2010), there is a close relationship between relationships and the recovery of drug and substance abusers. Therefore, the process of therapeutic change that is embraced by rehabilitation institutions needs to foster the interaction of individuals within the recovery group and the nature of relations that are embraced by individuals outside the recovery groups. This argument is invigorated by the tendency of most addicts within the institutions to portray positive characters, denoting recovery as a way of speeding up the completion of the recovery process. These people often revert back to the earlier habits once they are out of the rehabilitation centres and out of monitoring institutions. According to the Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (2005), group therapy is highly favoured when it comes to the active phase of rehabilitation where the behaviour and actions of individuals and their close associates play a great role in enhancing behaviour change. In a similar sense, the long-term recovery plans for the addicts have to consider the placement and consideration of all people who associate with the addicts within the wider social realm. Most of the institutions that deal with the rehabilitation of drug and alcohol addicts only focus on the formal groups that are established therapeutically while ignoring the other interactions that are embraced by the addicts outside these groups. Relationships in the cycle of addiction change as the stage of addiction progresses from one level to another. This is an important consideration in the rehabilitation process because changes in relationships also occur during the recovery phase of individuals who are undergoing rehabilitation (Klimas, 2010). It is important to note that interpersonal relations play out differently in the recovery phase. In some cases, the recovering addicts may come from equally addicted families. In such situations, relations become more complex, but they are simple when it comes to the elimination of incidences of drug use. Close ties between the addicts denote a high level of ties. These ties are depicted in acts of sympathy and excessive care and concern. In most cases, individuals may find themselves helping people they have close relations within the wrong way because of the high level of attachment and feelings that they have for the addicts. This is common in cases where an addict enters a drug and alcohol recovery therapy as an individual. In situations where couples enter therapy together, they might also break some rules of recovery because of the mutual feelings they may have (Simmons, 2006). Therefore, consideration should also be paid to cases where relationships can be hindrances in the recovery of drug and alcohol addicts. Interpersonal considerations in drug and alcohol rehabilitation Klimas (2010) observes that the modern concept of group therapy in drug and substance abuse rehabilitation considers the extended issue of interpersonal relationships in attaining full recovery of the addicts. This is based on the classification of the recovery therapy in two: group therapy, which applies during the early stages of recovery for the volatile substance use addicts and the outside group therapy that comes in the advanced stages of recovery. Here, the question of the nature of relationships that should be embraced by the psychiatric and counsellors comes out. Individuals undergoing therapy undergo psychosocial problems during the entire process of recovery. These problems can only be sorted out by the kinds and levels of interactions that are fostered and who the addicts interact with (Klimas, 2010). According to Price and Simmel (2002), people who are undergoing rehabilitation face psychological problems like trauma. The problems emanate from the changes in their lifestyles that are characterized by addiction. Such problems become much more complex when the addicts are confronting the health-related conditions caused by excessive drug use and alcoholism. According to the research that was conducted by Price and Simmel (2002) to ascertain the role of partners in the addiction and recovery of addicted women, the researchers observed that the formation of partnerships is critical in solving the psychologically associated problems. Addicts can hardly recover in isolation. However, the other important thing to note is that addicts can only recover fully when right partnerships are formed. According to UNDOC and WHO (2008), effective interventions for drug and alcohol addicts require the development of networked systems. These systems are wide in the sense that they involve a wide range of partners, among them the civil society, labour, welfare, and the criminal justice, among others. Avoiding drug and alcohol abuse is attained when individuals understand the dangers of drugs and the essence of living a drug-free life. Therefore, the involvement of a large number of players is critical in the dissemination of knowledge and the reduction of the rate at which drugs and alcohol are made available to people in the society. The importance of social welfare departments is reiterated, especially when it comes to the coordination of recovery for the addicts due to the nature of drug use in the society. A substantial number of people who engage in drug abuse are people who are placed within highly interactive environments, for instance students. Therefore, interpersonal relationships cannot be easily avoided in the recovery of the individuals. This is why the WHO and UNDOC insist on the involvement of the social welfare departments in the recovery of drug addicts and alcohol addicts. The greater involvement of the social welfare is to help in developing the modalities on which the relationships of the addicts under recovery can be monitored (UNDOC WHO, 2008). In their research about the importance of social support for drug addicts who are undergoing recovery therapy, Dobkin, De Civita, Paraherakis and Gill (2002) found out that high social support that comes from the encouragement of the recovering addicts to foster relations with people outside the rehabilitation process highly promotes quick recovery. By further conducting a regression analysis based on hierarchy, Dobkin, De Civita, Paraherakis and Gill (2002) further observed that the pace of recovery is higher for patients who are allowed to embrace relations than inpatients or recovering addicts. This reiterates the value of social support, which is necessitated by the development of relationships with the recovering addicts in the course of their recovery. This is supported by the research by Beattie and Longabaugh (1997), who insisted on the value of social relationships in the realms of drug and alcohol addiction and recovery. The subjective well-being of alcohol addicts depends on the patterns of interactions that are fostered by the addicts and the kind of discussions that they engage in. Positive relationships, which in this case mean engaging in constructive group activities, help in stabilizing the mental and emotional status of the recovering addicts. Granfield and Cloud (2001) brought about the issue of social capital gathered by the addicts in helping the addicts in complete recovery. Therefore, any policies that are developed to help with drug and alcohol recovery have to pay attention to natural recovery, which is largely pegged on social capital. Social capital in this sense means the relationships, norms, and institutions that are available in the society. At the centre of the development of social capital entails the relationships that are developed by individuals because human beings are social beings and interaction plays a great role in the psychosocial development of people. Relations within the lives of the addicts together with the actual resources that they possess is critical in cushioning the recovering addicts from the social and psychological forces that engulf their lives because of the changes that take place in their lives during recovery (Granfield Cloud, 2001). Challenges of embracing partnership and relationships in the recovery of drug and alcohol addicts Partners can be engaged in the recovery of addicts in different ways. One of the common ways of engaging partners and embracing relations in the recovery of addicts is the choice of partners who can give assurance of recovery to the addicts. Relationships are part of the extended care for the addicts and can facilitate complete recovery or bring about hindrances in the recovery of individuals. There are prospects of change that need to be observed and given full attention by the people who are monitoring the progress of recovery during recovery. Taking an example from the Tekuma Recovery Group in Israel where the addicts are attached to role models to help in shaping the changes in their cognitive behaviours, it can be argued that the patient-therapist model of addiction recovery has to be expanded to include more people. It is easy to encourage the participants to be fully responsible for their compulsive behaviours through the linkage of the addicts who are undergoing recovery with partners or allowing them to choose partners outside the inside recovery groups (Tekuma Recovery Group, n.d.). Interpersonal distress is one of the main causes of drug use in the society. This distress comes from the kinds of relations and behaviours that are common in the environment in which a person dwells. Therefore, rehabilitating the severe cases of addiction needs to focus on the individual and the larger environment in which a person dwells. Taking an example from the case study by Klimas (2010), one addict confessed that the behaviour of his mother forced him to start using drugs as a consolation. He always came home from work and found her mother completely drunk; therefore, he had to get some drugs to cope psychologically with the situation and handle the embarrassment and agony. This means that a given form of complexity presents itself here. The main aim of running recovery programs is to reinstate the consciousness of the addicts so that they are fit to join the society. However, the same society might still be having the sources of distress that resulted in the addictive trends in the persons who have undergone full recovery. According to Beattie and Longabaugh (1997), it is important to comprehend the roles that are played by social relationships in the course of recovery, treatment, or relapse of the addicts. This is very helpful, more so in the clarification of the way clients can make use of interpersonal relationships in an effective way, thereby maximizing the impact of the recovery and rehabilitation therapy. Therefore, rehabilitating individuals should go far much deeper than dealing with the individuals alone into unearthing all forms of relationships that are fostered by the rehabilitated individuals and how they might contribute to the well-being of the individual. For instance, in the case of an individual who started engaging in drugs because of the behaviour of her mother, people responsible for the recovery of the individual should go further and rehabilitate the mother if possible (Klimas, 2010). According to Andjelokvic (2012), encouraging the clients in the rehabilitation centres to link with the community enables them to create intense levels of interaction. This is critical in the positive shaping of their emotional content. An example is the linkage of the clients to the spiritual mentors as part of the therapy. The development of strong relationships with the spiritually inclined people enables the clients to mould their behaviours in line with the spiritual content. This is a form of counter-transference in drug and alcohol rehabilitation (Andjelokvic, 2012). According to Klimas (2010), another issue that is common among the recovering addicts is that they often become allergic to developing and embracing social relationships. This emanates from the changes that take place in the interpersonal functioning of an individual during the entire period the individual undergoes the recovery therapy. However, the question that comes out here is how these behaviours impact on the positive functioning of an individual in the society in the long term basis. Koehn (2007) presented a framework on which relationships can be modelled in drug and alcohol abuse. Known as the relationship sculpture, this framework can help people who are experiencing drug addiction problems to explore the changes in their interpersonal relationships, especially the intimate relationships. It is critical to assess the changes in the relations’ landscape of the addicts throughout the entire process of recovery as set by the facilitators of recovery in order to experience changes in their lives. Conclusion The discussion conducted in the paper reiterates the importance of broadening the angle at which interpersonal relationships are developed and fostered by the recovering addicts. Most of the points presented in the paper denote that interpersonal relationships play a dual role when it comes to drug and alcohol use and recovery from drugs. Just as interpersonal relationships can cause drug addiction, such relationships can also play a critical role in the full recovery of drug and alcohol addicts. However, this depends on the level at which the professionals dealing with the clients in drug and alcohol rehabilitation programs understand the interplay between interpersonal networks and relationships in the recovery process. It is important for the professionals who are working with the addicts to know most of the conflicting priorities that can prevent the addicts from developing and maintaining relationships with the social networks established within the formal recovery groups and outside the formal groups. The discussion also points to the need for counsellors and psychologists, as well as other healthcare professionals working with substance abusers to broaden their scope regarding the issue of interpersonal relationships because they often take the centre stage in addiction and recovery. References Andjelokvic, B. B. (2012). P-1131 – Some experiences of group psychotherapy in Orthodox community of rehabilitation of drug addicts. European Psychiatry, 271. doi:10.1016/S0924-9338(12)75298-7 Beattie, M. C., Longabaugh, R. (1997). Interpersonal factors and post†treatment drinking and subjective well-being. Addiction, 92(11), 1507-1521. Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. (2005). Substance abuse treatment: Group therapy, (Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series, No. 41.). Web. Dobkin, P. L., De Civita, M., Paraherakis, A., Gill, K. (2002). The role of functional social support in treatment retention and outcomes among outpatient adult substance abusers. Addiction, 97(3), 347-356. Granfield, R., Cloud, W. (2001). Social context and â€Å"natural recovery†: The role of social capital in the resolution of drug-associated problems. Substance Use Misuse, 36(11), 1543-1570. Klimas, J. (2010). Interpersonal relationships during addiction and recovery: A qualitative exploration of the views of clients in therapeutic community. Web. Koehn, C. V. (2007). Experiential work group treatment for alcohol and other drug problems: the relationship sculpture. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 25(3), 99-111. MacLean, S., Cameron, J., Harney, A., Lee, N. K. (2012). Psychosocial therapeutic interventions for volatile substance use: a systematic review. Addiction, 107(2), 278-288. Morgenstern, J., Longabaugh, R. (2000). Cognitive–behavioral treatment for alcohol dependence: A review of evidence for its hypothesized mechanisms of action. Addiction, 95(10), 1475-1490. O’Farrell, T. J., Fals-Stewart, W. (2008). Behavioral couples therapy for alcoholism and other drug abuse. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 26(1/2), 195-219. Price, A., Simmel, C. (2002). Partners’ influence on women’s addiction and recovery: The connection between substance abuse, trauma, and intimate Relationships. Berkeley, CA: National Abandoned Infants Assistance Resource Center, University of California at Berkeley. Simmons, J. (2006). The interplay between interpersonal dynamics, treatment barriers, and larger social forces: an exploratory study of drug-using couples in Hartford, CT. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy, 1(12), 1-13. Tekuma Recovery Group.  Ã‚  Tekuma recovery at a glance. Web. UNDOC WHO. (2008). Principles of drug dependence treatment. Discussion Paper. Web. This essay on Drug and Alcohol Rehabilitation was written and submitted by user Raquel Wilder to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

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Hence, every notion to have a feeling for them and their needs is one significant point to build a society based on understanding, sharings, helping people in needs and most importantly contributing to limit the plight of those less fortunate. In that essence, we feel that to general the objective of this study is to view into the salient aspects encompassing factors of the subject matter that attempts to trace how to approach child with autism in order to do away with any misgivings and misunderstanding. As we know children with autism are childrens with special needs and care. Thus, every aspect to understand their behavior for example can be an ample foreground for us to feel for their plight or to make a contributing hand in helping such childrens and their cause. Thus, it should be clarified that in order to have a clear understanding of autism, a thorough understanding of a child with autism also readily calls for attention, which this projects attempts to address and exemplifies the crucial points. In doing so, a literature review of the subject matter that limits its analysis to factor on defining autism and how to approach child with autism is a necessity, which the following paragraph details. Literature Review: The idea and notion of Autism As we can derive from a general accumulation of the facts, autism is a general disorder that affects the behavior of person affected by it. Most often than not, people or a child with autisms is restricted by certain neural disorder that prevent them to behave and act normally in most occasions. It is heartening to experience in that capacity. However, point of it also should looked and extrapolated in which the salient and special characteristic of a child with autism also should be acknowledged. In that regard, experts are of the opinion that autism like all mental disorders are phenomenological based diagnosis. That is to say, autism is a form of mental disorders that is observable to predict through an experiment. Altogether, autism can directly be defined as a disease based on observable and reproducible behavioral phenomenon, and composed a complex biological system or that which medical experts calls end point in psychiatric illness. (Casanova, 2005, p. 198) Thus, when we begin to this comprehension of the facts and subject matter arguments again, we feel that medical experts opinion on the same also should be taken in a discourse. Although much of the definition of autism herein and as defined above is medically grounded, that is to say, all aspects of the features attached to autism are defined in medical and clinical sense. In that capacity and as sources can be derived from our study, the IDEA Act in US (Individual with Disability Education Act) defines the notion attached to autism as one of the developmental disability in a person that significantly affects the way of people behavior and their responses to certain social interaction process. That is to make it simple, autism has a direct affect upon an individual verbal and non-verbal communications processes. Together with it, individual who are affected with autism and its disorder also often find the social interaction to be close to impossible. What we can relate further is that autisms are generally evident in any given child affected by it before the age of three years. The effect of autisms also adversely affects a childs educational performance, given that as a neural disorder, the affect of learning disability also directly comes to fore. (Anonymous, 2008) Thus, when we interpret and accumulate to the notion that can be derived from the above definition in brief, it comes as a direct representation of the sociological aspects that can be emphasized again. That is to say, a close knot understanding in brief can be derived as to what composed the meaning of autism in general term; rather than the previous idea that is medically grounded. How to Approach Autistic Childrens? When we come to this part of the study, what we can cum up from the above definition, its terms and characteristics attached to autism also provided an avenue to understand the meaning of autism. In that regard, it is crucial to understand autism in a sense that it can further enable us to derive the salient aspects as and when it matter to dealing with autistic people. The question that arises also is how to approach children with autism? To begin with in this regard, we feel that a thorough understanding of the behavioral aspects and in particular the characteristic associated with autism is important as a measure to approach with them in day to day life and interaction process. Hence, experts feel that as far as approaching an autistic child goes it is to be sensible and vitreous enough to understand who they are, because autism is just one part of their characteristics. Yet a child with autism is also a unique creation of God and with unique character and gifts. (Wong, 2009) Thus, the best way to approach a child with autism is to give them enough space to be what they want and to express their humanness as to who they are, not by what we make think of otherwise. To put it in simple terms, approaching a child with autism is all based on the things that we can encounter, and how we response to each one of it in a cordial and virtues way. Secondly, autistic child and their characteristic of neural disorder prevent them from imaginative thinking. Hence, in that regard, expert opinion in that respect is to approach a child with autism with due care and attention to details. That is to say, identifying with them is the best way possible, because child with autism are hypersensitive to certain things that are beyond their imagination to grabs a thing or two being said or conversed. Thus, a cautious approach to the language used, and individual willingness to identify with them and their capabilities as well as doing thing to them in one sense give greater details and a good basis to approach a child with autism, (Wong, 2009) because as we can emphasize to the meaning of it, the fact is that that often actions speaks louder then word with children affected by autism. Together with it, and from a professional way on emphasizing to the notion of approaching a child with autism, that is to say, teaching a child with autism defines many foregrounds of the do and donts. As far as the subject topic goes in that regard, it is widely undertaken with due care and cautious approach. Expert opinion of the point to approach a child with autism and while teaching an autistic child is to give greater details and focus on two significant areas as far as it goes with the use of functional activities, and in particular an effort to make programs appropriate enough for student development level that also attends to their chronological age. (Raymond Le Blanc, 2007, p. 102) Hence, as we have related in the introductory note to the subject matter arguments, we feel that being polite to children with autism can be a great virtue indeed. That is why we see an extensive empathizing that is given attention toward children with autism. Altogether such move is also a good social cause, given that it gives the child that are affected with autism greater details to explore and experiment their life in a meaningful way, especially with people who understand them in a better way. Understanding the Characteristics of Autistic Childrens As far as autism goes, a prominent attribute or aspect of something that is related is also relevant to trace as a measure to understand in general the characteristic attached to the diseases and its symptoms in any. In that regard one of the common characteristics that are most often associated with autism can be exemplified towards the components attached to repetitive activities among autistic child. In that notion, autism and is characteristics as can be observed reflects the stereotyped movement of autistic individuals or a child. (Anonymous, 2008) Most importantly, autistic characteristic also are most often than not resistance to change. Hence, when autistic individual are subject to environmental change or change in daily course of life and routines to be precise, a direct instance of resistance also can be observed. Such characteristics as can be explained are unusual responses to sensory or neural experiences attached to autism and individual affected by it, (Anonymous, 2008) says experts in the fields of autistic study and child development welfares. Further down the line, we often feel that to define autism correctly is hard, because it all depends on interpreting the traits that are relevant to autistic individual or childrens. In that reasoning, and as far as expert opinion and their idea of autism goes, it directly relates to people who often have difficulty in three major areas, namely social interaction, communication, either can be (verbal or written) or both, and flexible and imaginative thinkings, which medical experts such as Lorna Wings have referred on the condition attached to autism and autistic behavior and characteristics. (Pittman, 2007, p. 4) In context of the above definition of the characteristic attached to autism, we can directly trace the features as to what composed imaginative thinking as well. Let say, autistic adversely affect the child learning capacity but it does not mean that a childs educational performance in such situation or occasion as such is adversely affected due to or primarily because of the child emotional disturbance, but it is a direct insistence of the disorder attached to neural or psychological diseases. (Anonymous, 2008) That is why; characteristic attached to children with autism is rather complicated to register readily with a layman. Once again, from the interpretation of this term, a concise meaning to autism and its spectrum also can be derived. What we can drive home the idea is that regard as well can be further stated that autism is rather a complex disorder as far as social interaction and cognition of term goes. In that capacity as well, we feel that autistic childs are individuals that calls for special attention and special care, wherein all the components and characteristics that posits a child with autism should not be taken for granted to accumulate who they are, since it is only one part of them and their disability. Conclusion Going back to the overall discussion, we are of the opinion that understanding autism and how to approach autistic child with such a disorder calls for extra measure and efforts to be made. Hence, to conclude in that regard and what we can drive home the idea that erupts from politeness with autistic child as well has some sentimental value, which we feels defines the notion that parts of it also comes readily, and registers with people who have been trained to handle or responds to children with autistic behavior in a better way. For a layman, understanding a child with autism can be close to impossible, because as some experts have maintained is the fact that autistic disorder in a child does not in a way explains or defines who the child is, which in a sense it only give a clear impression and natural accumulation of the fact that autism is one part of the character and being of childrens with autism. (Wong, 2009) Recommendations In the current state of affairs, extensive researches are being carried out to understand the many variables attached to autism and its characteristics in particular. As human and scientific knowledge increases, so does the awareness and attention that is given to certain fields of study as a measure to reaps the benefits in facilitating a better way of life to children with autism also automatically arises. There are many components that make it hard to define autism, which in any capacity is what we call a diseases. Measure initiated in the study and research thus is to bring into contention the idea to understanding and tracing the salient aspects of autism so that a progress can be channelized to treat the disorder in a better way, because it is one aspect of concerns that medical experts encounters. (Casanova, 2005, p. 198) Thus, when we relate to the above statement as well, and accumulating the overall discussions, we can derive as to where the idea in the medical fields that is interrelated to autism and its study can be emphasized for further research and study. After all, medical research initiated in context of autism is a measure that comes as a means to an end in enabling medical experts to find a befitting solution to treat the disorder and to facilitate the channel of life bearing examples. Such insistence and initiation is a good move and designate an attempt with great virtue and a great cause.

Saving Private Ryan Historical Review Essay -- essays research papers

Saving Private Ryan   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I chose Saving Private Ryan, the 1998 movie directed by Steven Spielberg about the invasion at Normandy and a special mission that follows, as the topic of my paper. The mission is for eight men to go behind enemy lines and rescue a soldier who’s brothers have died in battle and bring him back.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The movie starts with the D-Day invasion at Normandy Beach, a very tragic and great day at the same time. Allied troops were being shot the second the landing vehicles opened, mortars were dropping all over, there was no cover, and those who sought refuge in the water were drowned by the weight of their equipment. As all of this happens, we follow members of one unit as they struggle to make their way on shore. Bodies are dropping everywhere, the wounded are piling up, and things are looking down. After intense battle and effort, however, the Allied forces finally take the beach, but not without a high cost of life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  From what I know and have heard about the D-Day invasion, the movie was very accurate on it’s portrayal of the attack. The action was so intense at the movie theater I first saw it in that a veteran got up and left for a while because he was crying so bad. I later found out that he had actually been there and that seeing it so vividly on screen had brought back too many bad memories. If that doesn’t convey realism, I don’t know what does.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ...

Maria Theresa of Prussian law

Starting in and around the year 1740 with the crowning of Maria Theresa as empress, began the buildup of the Prussian army. In the eighteenth century commenced the rein of the â€Å"Prince of Prussia†. By mid century, despite only having 3 million inhabitants it had the third strongest army in Europe. It was planning to take over Austria. According to the author, Ozment, the key to Prussia’s dominance and success was due to its ability to conquer and build because of long lived kings. Frederick I crowned himself the King of Prussia in 1701 and openly challenged Austria.His son, Frederick William I brought back Prussian virtues of discipline, obedience and piety. Between him and his son, the army quadrupled in size. An integration of religion and social reform transformed the country. This served to enlighten and educate the populace. Prussia attacked Austria three times, won the Silesian war, increased its landmass by half and revenues by a third. Prussia later suffered a few defeats when attacked by other European countries in the battle of Kolin and others.But the embattled Prussia returned at Rossbach, thought to be their greatest victory. By war’s end, a large amount of the country was destitute and 1/10th of its prewar population had perished. But Frederick aimed to build and rebuild. His reign was deemed enlightened absolutist because it was â€Å"hierarchical and strong-armed, yet optimistic and progressive for the times†. The ruler enabled free press, economic development and the codification of Prussian law.. Frederick believed that the power of Prussia was in its army and he developed it. He also created a strong centralized government and even ruled over the Prussian nobles who wanted their estates, serf and etc. He was also philosophically aligned with John Locke, another enlightened thinker and â€Å"father of liberalism†. Frederick also followed the model that a ruler was authoritative over individuals because he represented and enforced order in order to make individual freedoms possible.

Early Mesoamerican and South-West Cultures

Early Mesoamerican and South-West Cultures Free Online Research Papers The people of the Americas all had unique characteristics because of their environment. There were the Mayas, the Incas, the Aztecs, and the Anasazi. The Maya were a tribe far to the East of Mexico. They had a polytheistic religion which had the same characteristics of gods that the nearby cultures had. There was a supreme god, Itzama, and the rest of gods were ranked in importance. Most gods had human characteristics and needed human sacrifices to propitiate them. It is said that rivalry among the Mayan city-states often involved bloody fights. Painting show a society bent on war and using captives as sacrifices. At the top of the society was a ruler and around the ruler were a class of aristocrats whose wealth was determined by ownership of land. Eventually many aristocrats became priests and the rest turned into a middle class. The rest of the population were farmers. Their ruler was of great importance and was able to construct a palace using 30,000 people. The Aztecs lived in the valley of Mexico. They too had a polytheistic religion. Some of their gods were nature deities and other were patron deities. They had a supreme god, but he wasn’t as important compared to others. They also needed human sacrifice. The Aztecs had a monarch that had religious and secular powers. Around was the royal family who elects the next monarch. To advise him into doing the right thing were a small group of lords headed by a prime minister who was at the top of the government and a bureaucracy. Their power was limited past the capital. All that was left were tax collectors who got tribute from the people. The government’s succession was hereditary. The noble families were either in the bureaucracy, in the military, or became a priest. The rest of the population was indentured workers, slaves, and commoners. The Inkas were a tribe in South America. They had three main gods, the sun, the moon, and the day-star. It was serviced by women who were virgins. They were never allowed to speak to men and known for their beauty. Some of these chosen also worked in the palace as concubines. They also loved war. They had a 200,000 soldier army, the largest and best armed in the region. They moved rapidly using a highway system and carried their supplies on llamas. The Inks were a monarchy too. They had provinces with 10,000 residents ruled by a governor related to the ruler. The capital was divided into four quarters and social status was rigidly defined. It was built on forced labor. The rural population were farmers. The Anasazi was a tribe in southwestern Colorado. Community religious functions in these two big circular chambers called kivas were celebrated often. It was a very agricultural community. Most of the society and political structure was equal. The exception was a leader of their community inside the pueblo and other priests. They had several thousand residents. There was internecine warfare and a bitter rivalry with the south. This may have led them relocating. There is also a theory of them relocating because of cannibalism which probably has to do with their religion. They mostly were farmers and had many irrigation canals. Even though there is not that much of the Anasazi to compare, there is a lot of differences as you go South into the Americas. There was the Anasazi who was a desert and united culture and then there was the Inkas with the monarchy. America is truly a North-South, environmentally and community wise, land. Research Papers on Early Mesoamerican and South-West CulturesCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionQuebec and Canada19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraCapital PunishmentWhere Wild and West MeetPETSTEL analysis of IndiaThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationGenetic EngineeringRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 Europe

Total Quality Management (TQM)

Total Quality Management (TQM) Free Online Research Papers Michael J. Stahl (1994, p. 4) defines Total Quality Management (TQM) as a systems approach to management that aims to continuously increase value to customers by designing and continuously improving organizational processes and systems. TQM approach is a customer oriented form of management where all members of the organization involved strive together to improve the organization by working together in all problem solving efforts. As a systems-oriented mechanism for structuring, motivating, evaluating, and otherwise organizing a business and its productive activities, TQM is more than a style of management or a way of creating relationships between the units within a company. Total Quality Management provides a viable framework for reducing product or service defects that diminish profitability while also creating a system in which leadership and management focus on the goal of zero defects in an empowered work setting. TQM is considered a management strategy that is meant to imbed awareness of quality in all organizational processes. TQM is in no way limited in its application. TQM has been widely used in manufacturing. The use of Total Quality Management proves itself to be relevant with everyday concerns of both public and private organ ¬izations over such essential issues such as the need to increase productivity, employee morale, and employee feelings of belongingness. These concerns can be addressed while concurrently enhancing organizational efficiency and effectiveness. Certain points are designed to facilitate the management of quality, such as: instituting a constancy of purpose; developing and instituting the new philosophy; ceasing dependence on mass inspection; ending lowest-tender contracts; instituting training on the job; instituting leadership that is facilitative of TQM; driving out fear; breaking down barriers; eliminating exhortations; permitting pride of workmanship; encourag ing education; and, the demonstration of top management commitment and action. When a company implements a Total Quality Management system it is a difficult as well as time consuming process that will bring about a number of changes in an organization. The most resistance in this process is given to the organization by the company’s middle managers. This process leaves the middle manager with the feeling that they have lost control and to some extent as if their importance within the organization has been diminished. Cafe Chez Moi uses 8 key elements of Total Quality Management in their operations. Foremost and most important leadership is used. The leaders at Cafà © Chez Moi are responsible for providing the company with vision and install the values that guide the rest of the employees. For any business to be successful leaders must be committed to leading their employees by demonstrating their own personal beliefs and commitment through their daily practices. Cafà © Chez Moi uses trust as their second most important key element in TQM. Trust can become the foundation of TQM and without the company has nothing to build on. With trust upper management can allow some decision making throughout the other employees. Trust allows for employees to feel a sort of empowerment within the organization. Third of the 8 key elements on Cafà © Chez Moi’s list falls in line with trust and that’s integrity. When a company pursues integrity within customers can insure the morals involved in any dealings with the company. Customers expect and deserve honesty, values, fairness, and sincerity and they get just that when they involve themselves with a company that places such a significant value on integrity. Ethics falls right in line with trust and integrity. A company with good ethics can establish a business code of ethics that outlines guidelines that all employees are to adhere to in the performance of their work. In order for Cafà © Chez Moi employees to be highly effective the company classifies training as one of its key elements. Training ensures that all company employees have the knowledge to be effective and as productive as they possible can for that particular organization. Once employees are properly trained teamwork falls in line. When a company’s employees utilize teamwork business will receive quicker and better solutions to problems. Teamwork allows a company to be able to provide more permanent improvements in processes and operations. Communication is the element that comes into play and binds all these other elements together. If the company leaders and its employees have an open line for communication nothing they face can not be achieved as a team. Communication must be clear so that everything is understood by all and to avid misunderstandings. Cafà © Chez Moi tops all these elements off with recognition. Recognition motivates the employees to perform to the best of their abilities and ensures that the shop is run at a top notch level. Resources (1994). In M. J. Stahl, Management Total Quality in a Global Environment (p. 4). Blackwell Publishing. Padhi, Nayantara. (2002, December 30). The Eight Elements Of TQM. iSixSigma.com. 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Analyze one week of world economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Analyze one week of world economy - Essay Example Prices slide the better part of the week resulting in weak sales everywhere excluding gasoline. There were declines in sales at food and beverages businesses, clothing retailers and auto dealers offset by unpretentious gains in online retailers, restaurants and bars and home improvements. The control and organize group that excludes gas, building materials, car sales and food services shows a superior consumer enough spending. Although the sizeable decline in the prices of gasoline was foreseen as to enhance general consumer spending, these never happened. Due to the falling in gasoline sales inflation rate dropped, as a gallon of gas prices fell by 18 percent in the week as a result of seasonal adjustments. Personal saving rate also jumped up to 4.9 percent. Moreover, retail sales fell unexpectedly in the week but started rising. However, China economies continue to weaken with the rate of inflation reaching zero. There was a decrease in consumer prices while producer prices plunged unexpectedly. China trade industry of export was inclining. There was a decline in imports and was contributed by the drop in petroleum prices. Japanese economy recovered from the recession and grew with 2.2 percent shaking off the stagnation. Consumer behavior remained soft as the exports increased tremendously. Inflation rate has been moved from the previous rate of 2percent. The gross domestic product noticed an increase of 0.6 percent and the depreciated yen drove up exports further high. Private consumption that takes up to 60 percent of the Japanese economy rose up 0.3 percent. Global economy is slowly and gradually growing and is estimated to grow at 3 percent in the year of 2015.The acceleration was mainly driven by mature economies such as America and the Euro Area mainly because of the decrease in oil

Human Resource Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Human Resource - Essay Example Employees who aspire for status will work hard towards getting the company car and this will be very beneficial for the organization. This paper will comprehensively analyze whether a company should add direct compensation or not when employees undervalue the cost of benefits. â€Å"Employee benefits typically refers to retirement plans, health life insurance, life insurance, disability insurance, vacation, employee stock ownership plans, etc. Benefits are increasingly expensive for businesses to provide to employees, so the range and options of benefits are changing rapidly to include, for example, flexible benefit plans.† (Direct and Indirect Compensation) Maternity leave, vacation pay and holiday pay are some of the best examples of benefits, there are two types of benefits namely tangible benefits and intangible benefits, the above examples are all tangible benefits, some of the intangible benefits include appreciation, working in a good working environment, likelihood of promotion and so on. Employees crave for fringe benefits, fringe benefits mainly refer to tangible benefits, tangible benefits are generally believed to be better than intangible benefits. ... Variable pay mainly depends on the performance of an employee in his role, when an employee performs well, he is rewarded with incentive pay and bonus pay come the end of the year, and this is a fine example of variable pay. Benefits play a pivotal role in retaining employees; benefits can also increase the job satisfaction amongst employees. Employees start working harder in order to get these benefits that an organization offers, this increases the overall productivity of the organization and the goals are easily achieved. â€Å"Employee benefits are an important part of any company’s offering to their prospective or existing staff. There can be numerous advantages to establishing an employee benefits scheme, not only for the employee, who can receive useful non-cash benefits in addition to, or in place of, part of their salary, but also for employers, who can bulk out their salary offering with additional benefits to their staff.† (Advantages of Benefits) Direct and Indirect Compensation It is very important to understand the difference between direct and indirect compensation, many employees fail to value indirect compensation and as a result of which quit an organization. Direct compensation is the salary or the wages given to the employees, indirect compensation refers to the non-monetary benefits provided to the employees, facilities like hospitalization, overtime policy and so on fall under non-monetary benefits. Here is a diagram which would throw more light upon the same. Indirect-Compensation (2011) â€Å"Today the compensation systems are designed aligned to the business goals and strategies. The employees are expected to work and take their own decisions. Authority is being delegated. Employees